ࡱ; v}z{  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuwxyz{|}~Root Entry F3+TaCompObjbWordDocument2ObjectPool*Ta*Ta 4@   FMicrosoft Word 6.0-dokument MSWordDocWord.Document.6;  Oh+'0$ H l   D hC:\WINWORD\MALLAR\NORMAL.DOT1 Cementa AB Cementa AB@'rܥe=e2fffffff     0X 8}     !jT )8fy :yy8yff  yyyyf f zxffffyy CONTENTS page 0. Summary 2 1. Objective and State-of-the-Art 3 1.1 Industrial objectives and expected achievements 3 1.2 State-of-the-art 4 2. Work Content 6 2.1 Structure of the project and methology 6 2.2 Appraisal of the level of technical risk 6 2.3 Partners involved 7 2.4 Description of the tasks 7 3. Project Milestones and Deliverables 23 3.1 List of deliverable items 23 3.2 Major milestones 23 4. Project Management 26 4.1 Management capability of the Coordinator 26 4.2 Organisation and management structure 26 4.3 Methods for monitoring and reporting progress 27 4.4 Project management task 27 4.5 Bar-chart 28 4.6 Man-power allocation 29 4.7 Durable equipment 31 5. The Partnership 32 5.1 Overview of the Consortium 32 5.2 Profile of the individual partners 32 5.3 Complementary, transnationality of the consortium 34 6. Financial information No financial information is provided in the work programme 7. European Dimension and Related Benefits 35 7.1 Subsidiarity 35 7.2 Strategic importance 35 7.3 European social and economic cohesion 33 7.4 Codes of practise and standards 36 8. Economic, Industrial, Safety, Social and Environmental Impacts 36 8.1 Economic and industrial opportunities 36 8.2 Safety, social and environmental impact 37 9. Exploitation Plans 38 9.1 Exploitation policy 38 9.1.1 Exploitation of the results for the EU-competetiveness 38 9.1.2 Patenting and licensing policy 39 9.1.3 Business agreements which may hinder exploitation 39 9.1.4 Agreement on the exploitation of results 40 9.2 Dissemination policy 40 10. List of references and related projects 40 10.1 Similar applications 40 10.2 Related projects 40 10.3 Relevant patents 40 10.4 Other references 40 Annex I. Figures 42 IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF ADVANCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES - IPACS. Planning and Control of Properties During Hardening to Enhance Durability and Life Time 0. SUMMARY During the construction phase and the subsequent life span of advanced structures costs can be significantly reduced, in particular by avoiding premature damage in the construction stage. A fundamental issue in order to achieve this is proper planning and production of the structure. With e.g. new high performance concretes it is of utmost importance that the right quality is maintained throughout the construction period. Otherwise heavy reduction in robustness and resistance can be the result. Crucial here is the risk of early age cracking of the concrete due to restrained volume changes from the temperature and shrinkage during the hardening period. An Expert System will be developed to plan and control the production of concrete structures. The Expert System will contain modules of varying simplicity and refinement which can be used in the following phases of a construction project: * the predesign phase - to get rough estimates of the cost and efficiency of alternative production methods * the design phase - for detailed planning of concreting (choice of materials, cooling and/or heating methods, insulation of formwork, formstripping time etc.) * the construction phase - for updating the influence of weather changes, fluctuation of material properties and temperatures on target crack risks * the maintenance phase - to check maintenance costs and repair needs. The overall savings using these tools will be in the order of 100 MECU per year in Europe for reduced production costs. To this will be added prolonged life time and reduced maintenance costs which can be estimated to 200-300 MECU per year. The project encompasses leading firms working in all the four phases mentioned above i.e. consulting firms, contractors, material producers, owners and maintainers of structures as well as research institutions specialised in the different task of the project work. The project will contain the following main tasks: * Mobilization and management of the project - Many partners are involved and it is important to co-ordinate the different tasks effectively * Hydration and volume changes - Tests will be performed in order to acquire data for the modelling of properties of a number of currently used concretes * Mechanical properties - Testing and modelling of mechanical properties * Behaviour of structures - Computer modelling of structural behaviour * Field tests - To check and improve the models of the previous tasks in full scale tests * Expert System - The result of the earlier tasks will be synthesised into a robust Expert System, which can be used for planning and control of the production of high quality concrete structures 1. OBJECTIVE AND STATE-OF-THE-ART 1.1 Industrial Objectives and Expected Achievements * Introductory comments - Within the European Community many billions of ECUs are invested in infrastructural concrete projects such as dams, reactor enclosures, marine structures, locks, bridges, roads and tunnels. Many of these are located in harsh environments. Increasing service life time, reducing initial malfunction (e.g. lacking tightness) and reduction of maintenance and repair costs would result in enormous cost savings. Research and practical experience show that the quality and life time of concrete structures largely depend on the curing conditions in the concrete's early life, as inadequate curing leads to malfunction and cracking. A major source of deleterious cracking already in the construction stage is the proneness of the hardening concrete to crack because of restrained volume change related to hydration temperatures and shrinkage phenomena. * Inadequacy of present practice - Current methods to prevent early-age cracking are for the most part exclusively based on temperature difference criteria and do not consider many of the other crucial factors involved. * Potential cost savings - Nevertheless, future proprietors of major infrastructures - for the purpose of enhancing concrete quality - tend to impose more and more rigorous and costly specifications in respect to allowable hydration temperature differences. In view of the poor accuracy and unsubstantiated nature of such temperature criteria this tendency is disquieting. * Objectives and achievements - The objective of this project is to evaluate, integrate and extend the existing knowledge about early age crack prediction in engineering practice. By developing engineering tools the acquired knowledge can be made operational in the European building industry, yielding the following main benefits: ( Contractors and designers will have new and more reliable engineering instruments at their disposal enabling them to predict and to optimise the technical effect and cost of alternative designs and optional construction procedures - all in the process of fulfilling the quality requirements set up by the proprietors or the community (codes). ( Reduced costs because of the present tendency to specify costly but unnecessarily rigorous crack criteria will be avoided. Estimated potential savings for e.g. the resund Link is in the range of 5-6 MECU. ( Owners will have access to improved means of specifying and controlling desired quality requirements with regard to serviceability and service life of their concrete structures. ( Reduced maintenance costs and increase of service life time for concrete structures. Potential savings in the order of 200-300 MECU/year [In 92] The engineering tools will consist of computer software simulating basic early age transient concrete properties, data bases for the same, standardised laboratory and field tests, recommendations and specifications. The software must have the potential to simulate the hardening and building processes taking into account all important factors of influence, such as climatic conditions, non-uniform maturity development, restraints imposed by adjoining structures etc. 1.2 State-of-the-Art * Introductory comments - State-of-the-art reports on different aspects of early age concrete have been compiled by RILEM, and were in 1994 presented at a symposium in Munich [Mu 94]. Several partners of the consortium were among the authors of the state-of-the-art reports [Ge 94] and have a complete overview of the subject as well as being personally involved in many large projects. Prediction of temperatures and strength development is reasonably accurate by means of presently used computer programs. In contrast, models for the prediction of self-induced stresses (e.g. stresses caused by temperature and chemical shrinkage) and for the risk of cracking, suffer a.o. from serious lack of experimental data about the viscoelastic behaviour of hardening concrete. Thus, although defining such criteria and quantification of stresses and strains in hardening concrete are in the focus of attention of modern concrete engineering and concrete technology, knowledge of the required material properties are scarce, scattered and inconsistent due to unspecified testing procedures. Existing computer programs suffer from incongruity with regard to basic assumptions and methodology. Experimental testing of viscoelastic properties at early ages is very complicated and time consuming and requires most advanced test equipment and well-trained technicians. * Current practices - Thus, although current practices for prevention and control of early age cracking in concrete structures are known to be unreliable, the control of cracking is at present almost exclusively defined in terms of control of temperatures during hardening of the concrete [Em 94]. Even in specifications for very large building projects quality criteria are usually defined in terms of allowable temperature differentials, disregarding among other things the fact that not all early age volume changes in concrete (e.g. chemical shrinkage) is related to temperature. Also today, the obvious and crucial effect of varying restraint is mostly neglected - even in the context of major infrastructural projects. * Inadequacy of present techniques - The temperature-related criteria are based on the idea of a strong correlation between temperatures on one hand and thermal stresses - with the due risk of micro- and macrocracking - on the other. As mentioned, there is general agreement today that the presumed correlation is rather weak and does not constitute a reliable criterion for rational decision making. In fact, pilot studies have shown that even measures designed to reduce temperature differences in concrete structures may, in specific cases, actually increase the risk of cracking and thus counteract their very purpose. The reason for this is mainly a lack of understanding of: ( The basic mechanical properties of the early age concrete. ( The effect on these properties of non-uniform maturity development. ( The effect of the degree of restraint on the temperature volume change in the hardening concrete and on the due risk of cracking. ( Chemical and drying shrinkage are not, by the nature of the case, related to temperature measurements. This is specially relevant to high performance concretes (HPC). The complicating issue here is that early-age concrete is a continuously changing material with transient material properties. In fact the concrete changes from the liquid phase of fresh concrete to a plastic material within hours or a few days, followed by a further development into a hardened stiff matrix with almost elastic properties. * New approach, improvement of present state-of-the-art - Thus, the state-of-the-art with regard to prediction and control of early age cracking in concrete due to hydration temperatures and early shrinkage is highly unsatisfactory. The aim of the current project is to improve the state-of-the-art of concrete technology in this important discipline by making a new stress/strain approach for early age crack control operational and accepted for general application in European building industry. A more rational and realistic criterion than temperature difference for the assessment of the risk of micro- and macrocracking is a stress or strain criterion. This will a.o. require determination of relevant early age properties of the concrete. As most concrete properties, such as hydration heat, strength, elasticity and creep can be related to the degree of hydration this will be the basic parameter to which the other changing properties of the early age concrete will be related. In order to improve the capacity of engineering to predict, prevent or control early-age temperature and shrinkage by means of stress/strain criteria, it is imperative that new engineering tools be developed. These tools will consist of computer software simulating basic concrete properties, data bases for the same, standardised laboratory and field tests, recommendations and specifications. The software must have the potential to simulate the hardening and construction processes taking into account both internal and external factors of influence. Internal factors of influence refer to the concrete materials as such, i.e. concrete mix composition and fresh concrete temperature. External factors of influence are the climatic conditions like ambient temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, type of formwork, stripping times etc. The simulations must also address the restraints within a cast section as well as those imposed by adjoining structures. It is also imperative that the important effects on restraint of possible slip in construction joints- in contrast to present practices- be modelled. It is true that in the specifications for some large building projects outside Europe (tanks for storage of hazardous substances) and for isolated major projects in Europe, stress criteria have already been suggested. However, for the reasons given above - i.e. for lack of basic materials data and generally accepted physical modelling - early age crack control by stress analysis is as yet not accepted as a state-of-the-art approach by proprietors. * Other relevant European research - High performance concretes (HPC) - The above also holds for the relationship between the degree of hydration and the early-age shrinkage behaviour of low water/cement ratio concretes. HPCs have revealed themselves to be very sensitive to early-age cracking because of chemical shrinkage. A better understanding of high-performance concretes in their early life is of utmost importance in this project, since HPCs are in the focus of research and in use in structures all over the world. * Complementary research - The proposers of this research project are aware that the EC has supported, in the past, research projects which in part have covered aspects similar to those in the present proposal. It is also known to us, that proposals from other consortia may be submitted which also deal with aspects on durability. However, on the basis of acquired information we are convinced that none of the past projects - or the forthcoming ones - address the issue of fundamental importance to durability, namely that of avoiding immediate damage in the construction stage to concrete structures because of inadequate understanding and knowledge about early age volume changes in hardening concrete. 2. WORK CONTENT 2.1 Structure of the Project and Methodology The work in the project is divided into the following tasks: * Task 1 Mobilization, Management and Finalization * Task 2 Hydration and Volume Changes - Characterisation of hardening concrete and evolution of the hydration process and temperature development * Task 3 Mechanical Properties - Testing, description and modelling of material parameters * Task 4 Structural Behaviour - Analytical and numerical modelling of structures * Task 5 Field Tests - Site measurements and verifications of numerical simulations * Task 6 Expert System - Recommendations and guides for good practice Based on laboratory tests, material properties, numerical simulations and the correlation of the same with both experimental results and site observations, guidelines are to be developed for manufacturing of concrete structures free of early age crack damage. However, the complex behaviour of hardening concrete makes it almost impossible to present the results of this project in simple graphs, e.g. showing the relationship between the risks of cracking and one or two relevant factors of influence. Such graphs, however, would be a very helpful tool for the practical engineering. Therefore, sensitivity charts will be worked out, from which the influence of the predominant parameters on the risk of cracking in specific scenarios can be estimated. Information gained from the research will be used for the development of a user friendly Expert System (see Section 9). 2.2 Appraisal of the Level of Technical Risk The following technical risks may influence the level of success of the project: ( There are coupling effects regarding e.g. the influence of temperature and moisture on the hydration process. These effects have only recently began to be understood. There is a thrilling potential that this coupling can be modelled in an elegant and efficient way but there is also a risk that much analytical, numerical, and laboratory work is needed in order to give a basis for an effective Expert System. ( Tests for the determination of time-dependent stress-strain relations in tension for young concrete are delicate to perform and can easily go wrong. As the partners in the project are the world leaders in this field, it can be estimated that by their joint efforts the best possible results will be accomplished. The results may give new fascinating insights into the mechanisms of crack localisation which may facilitate the design of the Expert System. ( The combination and synthesis of analytical material models, structural analysis programs, and data from laboratory and field tests into an efficient Expert System is a great challenge. The partners have already developed some of the best components available world wide for such an Expert System, but there is much creative work needed to merge them together also using the new results from this project. The overall technical risk to not achieve basic goals of the project is considered to be rather low. However, there are many exciting problems with a high level of risk in the project which will be attacked. If some of these battles are successful they may give substantial extra scientific and economic earnings. 2.3 Partners Involved A short overview of the partners involved in the different tasks is given in table below. PartnerFunctionTask 1Task 2Task 3Task 4Task 5Task 61ScancemCOCement & concrete productionTTXX2SelmerCRConcrete constructionXT3TU-DelftCRResearch & teachingXTMX4ENELCROwner of energy structuresXXXXX5TU-LuleACResearch & teachingXMMX6NCCACConcrete constructionXXX7SkanskaACConcrete design & constructionXTXX8IBMB, TU-BrACResearch & teachingXXMXX9ISMESACConsultancy, research serviceXMT10Dir of RoadsACConstruction, ownerXX11ElkemACMicrosilica productionXX12NorcemACConcrete productionXXX13NTH, TU-TrACResearch & teachingXXMXXNotation: Task Leader (T), Main Contributors (M) and Contributors to the tasks (X). CO - Coordinator, CR - Contractor, AC - Associated Contractor 2.4 Description of the Tasks General For tasks 2 - 5 a list of preliminary activities will be given after general description of objectives etc. Choice of test method, amount of tests, methodologies of theoretical work etc will be made after careful literature review within each research area (each sub task). Thereafter the design of the task activities will be established at milestone M2. The list will be supplemented with a table of input/deliverables to/from each subtask and respective activity. In this way a flow chart of internal information will be constructed. Task 1 - Mobilization, Management and Finalization Objective: ( Initiation and detailed planning and management of the project ( Definition of experimental test series and material modelling ( Evaluation of Mid-Term Assessment ( Outline of structure of simulation programs and Expert System ( Finalization and exploitation of Expert System Partners involved: Scancem 2+15,5 man months Task Leader, Coordinator Selmer, TU-Delft, Skanska. ISMES 2+1 man months Leader of the other tasks All others 2 man months General planning, evaluation Description of technical work: Sub-task 1.1: Mobilization ( Identification of experience of partners and making it active in the project planning. Evaluation of currently used techniques (state-of-the-art) and how they can be conveniently utilised in the work. ( Plans for laboratory and field test series, material modelling and development of software. ( Organisation of work of Steering Committee and Task Groups. Sub-task 1.2: Management and Mid-Term Assessment ( Supervision and evaluation of progress achieved within the tasks. ( Sensitivity studies on which parameters that are of the most or of the least importance. ( Definition of remaining work within the Tasks. Sub-task 1.3: Finalization ( Evaluation of the end-product of the project (the Expert System). ( Organisation and performance of the exploitation and dissemination of the end-product. Within Task 1 all partners are active in order to prevent that any partner is being uninformed and left outside important parts of the project work. (This applies especially to the Mid-Term Assessment and Finalization). Due to the size of the project with many partners involved, extra resources in Task 1 are directed to co-ordination and supervision in order to reach the desired results, see chapter 4. Task 2 - Hydration and Volume Changes Objective: Determination of the evolution of thermal and physical material properties in the early stage of hardening by experimental testing and numerical simulation. Establishing the correlation between material properties and the degree of hydration, and other unique state parameters. Partners involved: PartnerTaskMan-monthsContribution3. TU-Delft (T)2.1, 2.2, 2.518Tests and numerically determination of degree of hydration and heat evolution.4. ENEL2.1, 2.38Tests and models, thermal properties, volume changes8. IBMB, TU-Br2.2 to 2.411Tests and models, heat liberation11. Elkem2.1, 2.513Degree of hydration, material optimisation12. Norcem2.1, 2.26Degree of hydration, heat evolution tests13. NTH, TU-Tr2.4, 2.58Volume changes, tests and numerical simulations Description of technical work: Sub-task 2.1: Degree of hydration Main activities are evaluation of currently used definitions of the degree of hydration (applicability and operationality in the practice), studies of the hydration process and microstructural development and recommendations how to define, determine and model the degree of hydration. Laboratory tests : L1- Studies of hydration process and microstructural development, measurements of degree of hydration etc. 5 - 15 mixes, 3 - 8 cement types, 5 - 10 temperature levels Theoretical work: T1 - Inventory of definitions of the degree of hydration of cement-based materials. Current definitions of degree of hydration (chemically bound water, liberated heat of hydration, chemical shrinkage) will be evaluated. T2 - Theoretical studies of hydration process and microstructural development with program Tu-Delft. Correlation between microstructural development and evolution of materials properties. 10 - 20 mixes, 2- 10 cement types, 3 - 5 temperature levels T3 - Recommendations on testing and modelling of degree of hydration. addressed both experimentally and theoretically. The acquired knowledge will be implemented in the data base for the simulation programs and Expert System (Task 6). Sub-task 2.2: Heat evolution in different concrete mixes Determination of adiabatic, semi-adiabatic and/or isothermal hydration curves with different initial temperatures, reflecting the real casting temperature Determination of apparent activation energies from hydration tests performed at different temperatures which will be stored in the data base of the Expert System (Task 6). Harmonisation of currently used numerical procedures for the temperature predictions in hardening concrete. Of vital importance in this respect is the way in which the degree of hydration is determined in these procedures and how it could be translated into the maturity of concrete, which can easily be determined experimentally Laboratory tests: L1- Calorimetric tests on concrete 10 - 20 mixes, 3 - 6 cement types as defined in new EURO-norm L2 - Determination of apparent activation energy. Different standard test methods will be used. Mixes as above. Theoretical work: T1 - Evaluation of methods and models for temperature predictions and used material properties. Recommendations on models for the maturity concept. Sub-task 2.3: Development of thermal properties For a correct interpretation of adiabatic hydration tests and for accurate temperature predictions, changes of the thermal properties (thermal conductivity and heat capacity) during hydration may have to be considered. These changes will be addressed both experimentally and theoretically. The acquired knowledge will be addressed both experimentally and theoretically. The acquired knowledge will be implemented in the data base for the simulation programs and Expert System (Task 6). Laboratory tests: L1- Determination of specific heat and coefficient of conductivity. Mixes as defined in Task 2.2 Theoretical work: T1 - Modelling of specific heat and coefficient of conductivity as a relation of degree of hydration. Sub-task 2.4: Early-age volume change Different mechanisms causing early-age volume changes, e.g. thermal dilatation, chemical shrinkage, autogeneous early drying shrinkage, are examined experimentally and theoretically. Engineering models for thermal dilatation and shrinkage will then be developed. The engineering models shall be formulated in such a way, that they can easily be used in computer programs for analysing early-age concrete behaviour. Laboratory tests L1- Material data on thermal dilatation, chemical shrinkage, autogeneous early age drying shrinkage. Mixes as above, 5 -10 temperature histories, 1- 5 moisture environments. Major parameters to be studied are the water/cement ratio and temperature histories. Theoretical work: T1 - Definitions of distinction between different volume changes at early ages before and after the stiffening of the concrete (chemical shrinkage before stiffening phase, autogeneous shrinkage and early drying and thermal dilatation after stiffening). T2 - Development of engineering models. Mixes as above Sub-task 2.5: Numerical simulation of the evolution of material properties - Implementation A set of criteria for numerical models for simulation of the evolution of material properties will be elaborated. This set of criteria will serve as a format for qualification of existing and new software used/developed for simulation of early-age temperature rise and the evolution of strength and modulus of elasticity. Software modules developed in this task will be tailored to the requirements imposed by the structure of the Expert System (Task 6). Theoretical work: T1 - Criteria for models. T2 - Mathematical models and material parameters for all studied mixes Output Task 2: Review and harmonise existing knowledge and methods Report on the identification of the hydration process, by e. g. the degree of hydration. Recommendation how to determine the degree of hydration. Data on evolution of heat of hydration and activating energies Acquire experimental data about early age volume change (thermal dilatation, shrinkage) for some typical concretes Generate engineering models for these basic parameters Test results and engineering models for the evolution of thermal properties at early ages Recommend methods and means to make good temperature predictions in practice Task 3 - Mechanical Behaviour at Early Ages Objective: Experimental determination of transient deformation properties and strength during hardening at different types of applied loads. Partners involved: PartnerTaskMan-monthsContribution1. Scancem (T)3.1 to 3.3 8Visco-elasticity, stresses, tests and models3. TU-Delft3.1 to 3.416Strength, visco-elasticity, stresses, test and models4. ENEL 3.2, 3.43Strength, stresses, test and models5. TU-Lule3.1 to 3.414Fracture mechanics, visco-elasticity, test and models8. IBMB, TU-Br3.1 to 3.415Experiments and model for uniaxial creep and relaxation12. Norcem3.1, 3.28Strength, test and models13. NTH, TU-Tr3.1 to 3.420Mechanical behaviour, experiments and num. simulations Description of technical work: Sub-task 3.1: Evolution of strength and stiffness Existing concepts dealing with the control and/or prediction of the development of strength and stiffness of hardening concrete are evaluated. Emphasis will be on the relationship between degree of hydration and strength and maturity concepts. The following will be examined: Evolution of strength and stiffness in the setting stage with numerical simulations Strength tests (compression, tension) and stiffness at different temperatures are performed and apparent activation energy for strength is determined. Numerical simulation of the correlation between degree of hydration and strength. Data is provided to Task 4 to 6. Five to ten mixes will be examined with e. g. blended cements, ordinary Portland cements, high performance concretes. Major parameters to be studied are the water/cement ratio and temperature histories. No. of tests given below is allocated for each mix. Laboratory tests: L1 - compressive strength cylinders and/or cubes 5 ages after casting, 5 temperature levels (5 - 40 (C) L2 - tensile strength, uniaxial and splitting 5 ages after casting, 5 temperature levels (5 - 40 (C) L3 - stiffness in compression and tension 3 ages after casting, 3 temperature levels (5 - 40 (C) Theoretical work: T1 - Strength and stiffness in setting stage by numerical simulation 3 temperature levels. Mixes according to above T2 - Activation energy for strength 5 ages, 5 temperature levels T3 - Correlation between degree of hydration and strength 5 ages, 5 temperature levels Sub-task 3.2: Viscoelastic behaviour of hardening concrete and relaxation The viscoelastic deformations of hardening concrete will be determined for different ages of application of load. In the evaluation of measurements due attention will be given to the question as to how to distinguish between elastic deformation and time-dependent deformation. Further, it will be investigated whether and how viscoelastic behaviour can be described on the basis of the degree of hydration. Engineering models will then be formulated, which can be implemented in software for numerical analysis of early age concrete. Essential points are the differences between deformation properties in the compression and tension phases as well as the influence of temperature. An inventory is made of test methods used for creep and relaxation of early age concrete. At the very early stage of hardening, when the concrete is still in an almost plastic stage, the way of performing the test may in particular affect the measurements substantially. The effect of different recording methods on measurements and accuracy is evaluated. Data is provided to Task 4 to 6. Five to ten mixes will be examined with a possible reduction compared to 3.1. No of tests etc are allocated for each mix Laboratory tests: L1 - Viscoelastic deformation (elasticity and creep) in compression at loading and subsequent unloading. 7 ages of application of load, 3 temperature levels 5 - 30 (C For 2 ages of loading - influence of stress/strength ratio L2 - Viscoelastic deformation (elasticity and creep) in tension at loading and subsequent unloading. 4 ages of application of load, 3 temperature levels 5 - 30 (C For 2 ages of loading - influence of stress/strength ratio For each test above: Theoretical work: T1 - Evaluation of distinction between elastic deformation and time- dependent deformation. Methods of creep coefficient compared to total deformation approaches. T2 - Evaluation of possible distinction between deformation in compression and tension as well as linear and nonlinear strains T3 - Description of viscoelastic behaviour on basis of degree of hydration T4 - Modelling of influence of temperature T5 - For selected tests: Conversion of creep strains (creep spectra) into relaxation strains (relaxation spectra) T6 - Evaluation of test methods, methodologies of measurements, accuracy of tests etc Sub-task 3.3 Fracture mechanics behaviour of concrete and casting joints (microcracking) Existing concepts dealing with the behaviour of the concrete at high tensile stress levels at cracking phase, described by fracture mechanics models, are only valid for hardened concrete. These properties are of vital importance when modelling the risk of cracking. Also the non-linear behaviour prior to cracking may suitably be described by this concept. Emphasis will be on studies of the age dependence of fracture mechanics parameters (e.g. fracture energy, brittleness). Studies will also be performed on the cracking of casting joints - an important issue in the modelling of restraint stresses. Laboratory tests: L1 - Examination in literature and, if needed, development of suitable test method for examination of fracture mechanics properties of concrete and casting joints L2 - Testing of fracture mechanics behaviour of concrete 2 - 7 concrete mixes, 3 temperature levels (5, 20, 35 (C) L3 - Testing of fracture mechanics properties of casting joints 3 ages of loading, 1 temperature Theoretical work: T1 - Evaluation and modelling of fracture mechanics parameters of concrete (fracture energy, brittleness number etc) T2 - Evaluation of and, if possible; modelling of fracture mechanics properties of joints (micorcracking, slip) Sub-task 3.4: Stress development in hardening concrete A preliminary task will be a technical appraisal of the new temperature stress-testing and cracking frame devices which are presently operational and at the disposal of several of participating partners. The characteristics of these devices will be discussed and evaluated. Particular problems of conducting these complicated tests will be described. Prior to the execution of the tests series in the different laboratories a Round Robin test will be performed where the reliability and reproducibility of the test results from the laboratories is checked. Stress development in hardening concrete and the stress level at which cracking occurs will be studied in these testing devices. The shrinkage deformations will be measured on dummy specimens. For High Performance Concretes the first 10 hours after casting have proven to be critical with respect to cracking. Predictions of stress development in the stress testing machines will be carried out using the theoretical models developed on the basis of the deliverables from Task 2 and 3.1-3.3. In this way, the tests serve to calibrate the total early age behaviour. Output to Tasks 4-6 Laboratory tests: L1 - Evaluation of thermal stress testing machines and cracking frames (TSM and CF equipment) inside and outside the consortium L2 - Round Robin tests of TSM and CF equipment inside consortium 1 - 3 mixes whereas separate properties have been examined in Task 2.1 - 3.4 L3 - Stress development due to restrained temperature and shrinkage strains, 5 - 10 mixes, 2 -5 temperature histories L4 - Stress development due to restrained shrinkage strains (isothermal conditions), 5 - 10 mixes Theoretical work : T1 - Based on Round Robin test: mapping of influence of characteristics of TSM and CF on obtained test results. T2 - Modelling and prediction of thermal and shrinkage induced stresses. Calibration to tests results. Estimation of stochastic variation. Output Task 3: Produce basic experimental data for some representative concretes and model strength, viscoelastic deformations and failure process (i e the mechanical properties of concrete) Appraisal of existing test devices for creep and relaxation of early age concrete. Report indicating the reliability and reproducibility if stress measurements in hardening concrete made in different laboratories Experimental results on the evolution of temperature and shrinkage-induced stresses at early ages for different concrete mixes, curing regimes and degree of restraint Calibrate constitutive engineering models for the input parameters by means of existing devices for testing of temperature and shrinkage induced stresses. (e. g. TST) Harmonise with other existing data Store all relevant experimental results in the data base of the Expert System Task 4 - Structural Behaviour Objective: Study of the risk of cracking and crack propagation in hardening concrete structures. The study of the crucial influence of restraint is to be a major part of the assignment. Partners involved: PartnerTaskMan-monthsContribution7. Skanska (T)4.1, 4.228,5Restraint, stress calculations1. Scancem4.18Analytical modelling of restraint effects3. TU-Delft4.25Stress modelling5. TU-Lule4.111Restraint modelling6. NCC4.28Stress calculations8. IBMB, TU-Br4.1, 4.215Methods and models to assess restraint conditions in practice9. ISMES4.211Predictions/interpretations of structural behaviour13. NTH, TU-Tr4.26Stress predictions Description of technical work: Sub-task 4.1: Restraint stresses Analysis and laboratory tests will be carried out to assess the effect of bonding and possible slip in joints between young concrete (e. g.) walls and old concrete (slabs) on the generation of stresses in the hardening concrete. The influence of reinforcement on force transmission in the joint will be one of the aspects to be investigated. Important is the restraint (and thermal) interaction of soils and slabs (elastoplastic friction laws etc.). Elaboration should be done for the practical application moduli for the vertical and horizontal stiffness of clay and gravel substrates. Needed are the reasonable modules for the extensional and rotational end restraint. Important questions are e g how various friction-eliminating horizontal layers really work, how is vertical compressibity taken into account From this investigation the true degree of restraint from adjoining structures and subgrades on cast section will be determined. These aspects link with Task 5, where restraint effects are examined in situ. Laboratory tests : L1 - Development of test methodologies for mapping restraint effects of adjoining structures transferred by casting joints L2 - Medium scale studies of behaviour of casting joints loaded by restraint stresses. 5 - 10 types of joints and geometries of structures, 1-2 mixes of each type L3 - Full scale studies of casting joints in controlled environment 1 - 3 types of joints and geometries, 1 mix L4 - Field tests - support to field tests of task 5 (Equipment, experience of L1 - L3, etc) Theoretical work : T1 - Restraint (1D, 2D, 3D) from adjoining structures. No slip in joint. Evaluation with commercial linear FE programs (see below), elastic analyses. 5 - 10 typical cases, 1 - 5 mixes, 3- 5 variations of geometries T2 - Restraint effects from slip and microcracking in joint. Influence of transversal reinforcement. 3 - 5 typical cases, 2 - 5 reinforcement, 2 - 5 types of surfaces, 1 - 3 mixes T3 - Restraint effects of subgrade. Possibility to translation, bending etc of newly cast element. 2 - 5 typical cases, 2 - 4 variation of properties of subgrade, 2 - 4 variation of dimensions of concrete element, variation of mixes. T4 - Development of rules and laws for the assessment on the material and stiffness of adjoining layers (soil, rock, older structural elements) T5 - Investigation of how complex structures could be simplified with respect to geometry and restraint. How could the computional complexity be reduced? Sub-task 4.2: Stress simulations Using the work of Task 2 and 3 as a base, models will be worked out describing the stress development in concrete structures. These models will be implemented in engineering software, either unmodified or, when practical application require this, in a modified form. In the models, material characteristics of the concrete, environmental conditions and conditions at concreting on site are taken into account (Task 2 and 3) Theoretical work: T1 - Mapping of existing computer program for structural restraint stress analysis (see below). T2 - Implementation of constitutive models for stress computations in structural program T3 - Prediction of restraint stresses and cracking risks. 5 - 6 geometries, for each geometry; 2 - 5 casting temperatures, 2 -5 air temp., variation of production technique, form work, possible measures against cracking T4 - Predictions of temperatures, stresses and cracking risks for structures of field tests (task 5). Predictions in pre-design phase and in follow up phase T5 - Comparisons of engineering and complex models, formulation of decision rules for necessary simplifications. What is accurate enough? Application to simple and convincing typical cases from everyday practice. T6 - Modelling of effects of environment (variations of temperature, wind etc) T7 - Influence of scatter of material properties and variability of restraint. An important issue is to examine whether and how existing computer software can be refined and adapted for the new material technology developed within the project (Task 2 and 3) and for the restraint as described above. This examination is to be performed early in the project in co-operation with Task 5.1, where predictions are to be compared with the behaviour of full-scale structures. Hence, Task 4 constitutes an important link between Task 3 and 5. Considering the work in subtask 4.2, stress simulations of structural behaviour, software do exist, e.g. programs like DIANA, ABAQUS, FEMMASSE, HACON-S, CIMS and TEMPSTRE. However, the resulting output from this software is not very coherent due to inconsistent modelling of the cracking mechanism and the other concrete material parameters. The intention is therefore to establish grounds for improvement and refinement of the knowledge implemented in these and similar programs, in particular with regard to material laws and their calibration. Thus, a base for final development of the Expert System will be formed. (In some cases the skeleton of some of the programs may be used directly - or with some modification - for the compilation of the data base of solved problems for the Expert System) Output Task 4: ( Develop guidelines as to the essential consideration of the stiffness of adjoining structures, 3-dimensional effects. ( Analyse and model the effects on restraint of slip in construction joints, reflecting the influence of roughness and through reinforcement. (Although restraint is a crucial parameter this effect of slip has not to our knowledge been subject to any systematic research. Some work is known from Japan.) ( Address the issue of modelling restraint from rock and soil subgrades and give guidelines in this respect. ( Control whether and how existing computer software can be refined and adapted to the new material technology developed in Tasks 2 and 3. Task 5 - Field Tests Objective: ( Evaluation of existing computer programs and of improved theoretical models achieved within the other tasks by means of full-scale tests. ( Final evaluation of the projects end-product (the Expert System). Partners involved: PartnerTaskMan-monthsContribution2. Selmer (T)5.1, 5.210Measurements, comparisons with predictions4. ENEL5.1, 5.29,5Measurements, evaluations6. NCC5.15Measurements, evaluations7. Skanska5.22Measurements, comparisons with model8. IBMB, TU-Br5.1, 5.28Measurements, comparisons with model10. Dir of Roads5.17,5MeasurementsDescription of technical work: Sub-task 5.1: Full-scale evaluation, part 1 Evaluation and tuning of the computer software of Task 4 as used by the partners. Sensitivity studies are made as to which material parameters, modelling details, etc. that are most urgent to improve. Hence, this activity is tightly linked with Task 4 but also with other parts of the project. The results of this full-scale evaluation are treated in the mid-term assessment (see Task 2 and section 4.5) and form the basis for the other tasks concerning what parts of the technology that need to be improved. Sub-task 5.2: Full-scale evolution, part 2 Evaluation of the various improvements achieved within the other tasks and as implemented in the pilot version of the Expert System. The work ends up with a final assessment of the end-product of the project. This important issue will be treated together with other parts of the project in the Finalization Part of the project (see Task 1). The work within the sub-tasks 5.1 and 5.2 includes the design of appropriate field tests, the performance of collection of data to be compared with the predictions made in Task 4. A rational approach to fulfilling the objectives is to monitor: ( A large number of structures from the production with light instrumentation (temperature monitoring and visual inspection concerning when and how macrocracking occur). ( A limited number of structures with heavy instrumentation (temperature, stresses, strains, restraint). For such advanced instrumentation, resources from Task 4 as regards instruments and qualified personnel should supplement the capacity of the contractors within Task 5. The geographical localisation of the field tests will be spread in order to study various climate, production techniques and concrete materials. Thus, field tests are envisaged to be performed in southern Italy, in Germany and in Scandinavia. Output Task 5: ( Verification of the theoretical modelling of influence of restraint (adjoining structures and subgrade) ( Verification of the capability of the Expert System to provide reliable predictions concerning temperature, strength and in particular stresses and risk of cracking Task 6 - Expert System Objective: Development of an Expert System which supports the evaluation of cracking risk and indicates possible actions for optimisations of technical quality and economy. The system thus integrates all knowledge required to evaluate concrete behaviour during the hardening process and knowledge about possible actions to be taken in the process of design and production, taking cost/benefits into account. The expert system will focus on assisting the engineer in the decision-making process, offering guidance in assessing critical conditions leading to cracking. The limited amount of information in pre-design phase, see Fig. 8.1, will constitute the initial target application of the Expert System. Additional input by the user during design and construction (cf. Fig. 8.1), will tune the system and improve its accuracy. Thus, the Expert System is not a computer program of standard type, but a rearrangement of various pieces of codes, data bases and know-how provided by the partner. Furthermore, a major concern should be the user-friendliness of the system. Partners involved: PartnerTaskMan-monthsContribution9. ISMES (T)6.1 to 6.320System development (software, data base etc.)1. Scancem6.1 to 6.36System development, evaluation of the Expert System, exch. of data2. Selmer6.1, 6.32Evaluation of the Expert System, exchange of data4. ENEL6.32Evaluation of the Expert System, exchange of data5. TU-Lule6.1, 6.33Exchange of deliverables of Tasks 3 and 46. NCC6.33Evaluation of the Expert System, exchange of data7. Skanska6.1 to 6.39System development, evaluation of the Expert System, exch. of data8. IBMB TU-Br6.1, 6.35Material data, evaluation of the Expert System, exchange of data10. Dir of Roads6.1, 6.34Evaluation of the Expert System, exchange of data11. Elkem6.32Evaluation of the Expert System, exchange of data12. Norcem6.32Evaluation of the Expert System, exchange of data13. NTH TU-Tr6.1 to 6.33Evaluation of the Expert System, exchange of data Description of technical work: Sub-task 6.1: Specification Existing knowledge will be collected from the partners of the projects. The different types of knowledge will be modelled in the Expert System by using two techniques of evaluation: So called rule-based languages to model engineering judgement (rules for the selection of numerical models and interpretation of results, management of qualitative parameters, evaluation of constraints and suggestions for possible action). So called neural networks to classify possible cluster of cases and to assess the relations between input parameters and indices of cracking risks. The use will be guided to solve his specific problem through a type of reasoning by analogy (to map the particular case with the existing clusters of solutions). Activities are addressed in work packages: Work package 6.1.1 (W1): State of the art report on Expert System (ES) in civil engineering applications. The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, including Expert Systems, to Civil Engineering problems will be analysed and reviewed. Some state of the art reports have recently appeared [1] devoted specifically to this topic. From the editors introduction and the papers presented it appears that the appropriate and effective use of Artificial Intelligence increases; in service applications are available; a clear definition of aims and prospective users is the key for success; the introduction of AI in the Civil Engineering field is less developed, but it is becoming one of the tools which can be appropriately used. Dealing with construction applications, the review of the Technical Committee of RILEM [3] provides an overview of the existing applications, with similar conclusions. The interest of the academic and of the professional community is consolidating, see activities of IABSE [2], RILEM [3] and the European Group for Structural Engineering Applications to Artificial Intelligence (EG-SEA-AI) [4]. Work package 6.1.2 (W2): Specifications and Conceptual design of the IPACS Expert System Two aspects will be considered: the engineering goals and the software architecture. These aspects will be tuned in close co-operation with the task Leaders of the Project. Engineering goals The aim of the project is to develop a ES to support standard designers and site engineers According with such a perspective, the aim is to collect and distribute part of the available knowledge, including that developed during the project, selecting as priority those parts which can be useful for practical purposes. The system will have some knowledge of its own limitations as to enable to advise the user when the problem is outside its own abilities and to suggest the characteristics of further actions, highlighting situations where special studies and analyses would be more adequate (e.g. F.E analyses). The project will deliver many valuable experimental results, some relevant for engineering relevance, others also for fundamental material science needs. As to enable the system to incorporate in subsequent stages of development all the available results of the project, its modularity will be a major concern. Software architecture The system will be basically made of three layers: knowledge modules; control layer; man machine interface. The layer " knowledge modules " includes a set of sub-modules providing the ability to simulate various aspects of the physical process at hand. It is made of the following modules: - Construction constraints: it supports the management of the design and construction features and constraints (site conditions, type of structure, geometry, casting conditions, restraint effects). - Mix properties: it supports the evaluation of properties of the selected material and it calibrates available material laws. - Simulators: it simulates concrete behaviour in a set of predefined cases, giving as output a set of values which describe structural behaviour in terms of temperature and stress (allowing for the evaluation of the cracking risk). - Support for actions: it provides suggestions if the simulation results do not fit the expected requirements. The control layer includes a set of metaknowledge: for instance it includes the assumptions and the constraints associated to the use of some specific knowledge module. As an example, this layer is able to suggest when the user problem is outside the abilities of the system. The "man machine interface layer" allows the user to prepare the input, receive the results (data and suggestions) using various operating modes (e.g. simulation or sensitivity analysis). The simulator will be designed to incorporate the following modules: - a set of simplified numerical simulators. Simplified and user friendly models are used to simulate the physical system behaviour taking into account the material properties, the mechanical properties and the structural behaviour. The models may be complemented by a set of rules aimed at helping the user to prepare the input data and interpret the results. - a simplified version of a F.E. simulator based on neural networks. To deal with more complex cases which would otherwise require the use of complex F.E. programs one or more Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) may be trained. Given a specific structural problem, a set of possible input data for the F.E. program is defined and the program is run to produce the set of output data. Using the set of input/output relations, the ANN is trained. The ANN provides a simple tool (simple to use and requiring low computational power) to provide a solution for a specific problem, with some ability to provide reasonable solutions when the data are similar to the data of the training set. The set of simulators and the best choice of the available technologies (neural networks vs. rule based or qualitative models) will be operated in this phase of the project. The nature and consistency of the parts of the system delivered by the partners involved in the System Development (SKANSKA, SCANCEM) will be also established. Work package 6.1.3 (W3): Identification and acquisition of priority knowledge The software architecture will be conceived (WP6.1.2) as to enable the system to cover the selected structural cases by maximising the use of the results available in the project. Due to the constraints of the delivery schedule of results of the project in view of their incorporation in the ES, the system will first incorporate data and models necessary for first validation/demonstration (First development software, Sub task 6.2). To this purpose, the identification of the characteristics and priority of validation problems and related input is foreseen. Input to be incorporated in a second stage of the project will be also identified and, last, input for which consideration should be given in the software architecture, but not requiring incorporation in the project. In close co-operation with the Task Leaders remedial actions due to delayed or unavailable input will be identified. Partners involved in the evaluation activity within the Task (SCANCEM, SELMER, TU-Delft, ENEL, SKANSKA, NCC, IBMB TU-Br, Directorate of Roads, Elkem, Norcem, NTH TU-Tr) will share the responsibility of specifying the characteristics of the validation problems. Partners involved in the exchange of data/models (SCANCEM, SELMER, TU-Delft, TU-Lule, NCC, SKANSKA, IBMB TU-Br, Elkem, Norcem) will take the responsibility of defining the format, time of delivery, quality assurance procedures of their data. Sub-task 6.2: First development A first release of the system will be developed comprising procedures describing simple engineering predictive models which are associated with complex numerical models (e.g. FEM programs). Data related to tests and empirical knowledge derived from experts will also be assessed. A first release of the system will be developed, including both the expert part and an easy to use person/machine interface to allow user interaction, and will be treated at the Mid-Term Assessment Activities in work packages: Work package 6.2.1 (W1): Implementation of the software architecture into modules The implementation of the software architecture will be made in a Personal Computer (PC) environment, using suitable techniques: ANN, Prolog, Object oriented languages. Work package 6.2.2 (W2): Issue of the first release: incorporation of the engineering models, experimental data bases and metaknowledge in the Expert System A first release of the expert system will be prepared by using the software architecture prepared in WP6.2.1 and by incorporating data, models and metaknowledge identified in WP6.1.3. Sub-task 6.3: Evaluation, improvement and final release After the development of the first release, the system will be evaluated with the project partners, specially in co-ordination with Task 4 and 5. New knowledge produced within the project will improve the system along an iterative process. After improvement a final release of the system will be developed, and a user manual issued. Activities in work packages: Work package 6.3.1 (W1): Updating of software architecture Aspects of inconsistency resulting during the evaluation phase with respect to the specifications (Sub task 6.1) will be addressed. Work package 6.3.2 (W2): Incorporation of further engineering models, experimental data bases and metaknowledge in the Expert System Data, models and metaknowledge identified in WP 6.1.2 for later acquisition will be incorporated. The system will be provided with a final User Manual. The evaluation results will be collected from the partners for inclusion in the Validation section. Work package 6.3.3 (W3): Final considerations and suggestions The activity will be reviewed and suggestions on possible further developments made. Remarks The Expert System will consist of (a) non-commercial subroutines and programs of standard type with access to the Expert Modules. The Expert Modules can also, if desired by the industrial partners, (b) be linked with existing commercial program packages for thermal analysis. Also, the Expert System may (c) be formed as a neural network. In the proposal, programs (a) and (b) are denoted as rule base programs. The success of the activity is critically dependent on the following aspects: clear and well focused final use of the expert system. IPACS will address two aspects: simple engineering models (1-D /2-D) for the prediction of structural behaviour; Calibration of thermal and thermomechanical constitutive models for use in well defined finite element procedures, not belonging to the ES. These are aspects receiving most benefit from the availability of experimental data of different nature, gained in Tasks 2,3,5 of the project. The design of the engineering and software architecture will be a major concern of Task leaders in the project mobilization (Task 1 ) and will be addressed in Subtask 6.1 by the partners involved. timely and consistent input from partners involved in the Task. WP6.1.3 is devoted to the identification and management of such aspects. The priority amount and nature of information will be identified there, together with the format of delivery and the delivery time constraints (WP 6.1.3). Input validation before incorporation will be each providers responsibility. To minimise implementation risks and concentrate on the interaction among modules, partners will be encouraged to provide their validated input in a formatted way. Incorporation of additional data (WP 6.3.2) will be made possible by the modular concept of software architecture. A protocol will be agreed between partners of remedial actions to cover the risk of delayed or unavailable input (WP 6.1.3). The responsibility of these actions will be shared among Task leaders, meaning by this that any Task leader will study with the Expert System task leader how to bridge the lacking information pertinent to his own task before it becomes available. intrinsic technological risks. No new approach is required concerning the computer science technologies used, the key point being the integration of many existing approaches (rules to express empirical knowledge, numerical simulations, Artificial Neural Networks, technologies of man/ machine interaction). It should also be emphasised that the Expert System features not only software for studies of complex situations of castings such as FEM programs of rule based type but also simple engineering models to be used for situations of less complexity as well as in the pre-planning and bidding phases. By means of the Expert System, the new technology as well as compiled state-of-the-art can be applied to the building and construction process. Thus improved economy and higher productivity are generated, strengthening the competitiveness of concrete as a building material. Output Task 6: ( Expert system to support the evaluation of cracking risk and suggest possible actions for improvement. User manual of the software product. ( Recommendation, guidelines and data bases for different concrete mixes, environments and production techniques(*) ( Simple engineering models for use in less demanding situations as well as in preplanning and bidding phases *) Concerning recommendations and guidelines, consultation with and contribution to normative bodies and procedures is important. Since partners within the consortium are active in normative and standard committees (e.g. new CEN standard for Execution of concrete - CEN Technical Committee TC 104/SC2 and Eurocode 2 part 4 Liquid Retaining and Containment Structures - TC250/SC2) good opportunities exist for transferring results into CEN. Also, regarding national codes and recommendations contributions from IPACS are foreseen. For example, results from crack estimations with the program TEMPSTRE of the second generation have already been adopted on trial in the Swedish Code for Bridge Construction (Bro 94 - Swedish Road Administration). 3. PROJECT MILESTONES AND DELIVERABLES 3.1 List of Deliverable Items Task no.Timing (month)TypeDescription13 25 48Plan Plan End-productDetailed working plan Revised working plan Expert System (Software, graphs, tables, recommendations)218 25 36Experimental data Report Experimental data, models, softwareHydration process, heat of hydration, volume changes (results of phase 1 of the Task) Mid-Term Report Hydration. process etc. (results of phase 2 of Task 2)318 25 36Experimental data, models, software Report Experimental data, models, softwareTest methods (stress testing machines), Mech. behaviour at early ages Mid-Term Report Mechanical behaviour412 25 42Theoretical models, software Report ReportSensibility analysis, Models of influence of restraint, Technique of treating structural behaviour Mid-Term Report Structural behaviour (restraint etc)518 25 42Data Report DataResults from field tests (phase 1) Mid-Term Report Results from field tests (phase 2)625 25 42Software, Tables, Graphs Report Software, Tables, GraphsPilot version of Expert System Mid-Term Report Expert System, prototype 3.2 Major Milestones The assessment of progress towards the objectives of the project will be carried out at the following milestones. Timing (month no.)TypeCriteria3M1Positive results of evaluation, definition of commitments and mobilization of partners6M2Pilot work within tasks completed (tests, modelling, sensibility analyses etc.)12M3Part deliveries of results18M4Part deliveries of results25Mid-Term AssessmentEvaluation of project carried out so far. Definition of remaining work (complementary studies etc.)30M5Part deliveries of results36M6Part deliveries of results42M7Prototype of Expert System. Finalization of Task 2-548Final AssessmentResulting Expert System for avoiding early age damage by cracking At the Mid-Term Assessment, the project will be reviewed by inspection of the results obtained from the different Tasks. The information from the comparison of full-scale tests with theoretical modelling will specially be studied. The pre-design of the Expert System is reviewed checking the feasibility of the end products. Thus, evaluations of improvements achieved within the tasks are performed. Sensitivity studies of the influence of the different parameters and are made. Definition of remaining work is also addressed in this context. The Mid-Term Assessment is supervised by the co-ordinator of Task 1. All Task Groups are active in the assessment which will be organised as seminars and workshops. Mid-Term Assessment and review criteria A Mid-Term Assessment report on the progress of the research and the partners plans for the future exploitation strategy is to be submitted before the end of the 24th month from the date of the commencement. The project co-ordinator will organise a Mid-Term assessment meeting at the end of the 25th month with all partners and the Commissions representative. The purpose of this meeting will be to report on the progress to date and to redefine (if necessary) the Project Programme for the remaining part of the contract. procedures for managing future exploitation of results will be discussed and approved. A decision whether or not to continue the contract will be taken before the end of the 26th month having regard to the specified objectives at this stage for the technical and scientific progress and having regard to the industrial and exploitation perspectives of the project. a) Technical and scientific progress The mid-term assessment is to be made against the satisfactory completion of the programme items before month 24 as follows: SubtaskDescription (see also work content)Deliverables2.1 - L1Hydration Material data, first half (3-5 concrete mixes) - T1Definitions degree of hydrationState of the Art Report (STAR) approved by Consortium  - T3ModellingOutline of models suited for Expert System (ES) (activity W1)2.2 - T1Evaluation of test methodsReport, part I approved by Consortium 2.4 - T1Definition between volume changesSTAR, approved by Consortium2.5 - T1Criteria for modelsFinal report, approved 3.1 - L1Compressive strengthMaterial data, first half (3-5 mixes) - L2Tensile strength Material data, pilot tests (1-2 mixes) - L3StiffnessMaterial data, pilot tests (1-2 mixes)3.2 - L1Viscoelastic deformation in compression Material data, first half (3-5 mixes) - T1Distinction elastic and viscous deform. STAR, approved - T6Evaluation of test methodsFinal report, approved3.3 - L1Development of test methodSTAR, approved. Test device, pilot design  - L2Testing fracture mechanics Material data, pilot tests (1-2 mixes)3.4 - L1Evaluation thermal stress testing machinesReport, approved  - L3 L4Restraint stressesMaterial data, first half (3-5 mixes)4.1 - L1Development of test methodsReport, approved. Test device, pilot design  - L2Medium scale studies, first partMaterial data, first part - L3Full scale studies first partReport on Part I (1-2 tests) - T1Theor. evaluations restraintReport, basic studies suited for ES (W1) approv.  - T3Evaluation of restraint, subgradeReport, basic studies suited for ES (W1) approv. 4.2 - T1Mapping existing computer programsSTAR, approved by consortium - T2Implementation Constit.models suited for ES (W1) - T3,T4PredictionsReport, first part (2- 3 geometries), approved5.1Full scale evaluation, part 1Report, behaviour in situ, (3 - 4 cases), approv. 6.1 -W1 Civil Eng. applications of Expert SystemSTAR, approved  - W2SpecificationReport on design of ES, approved6.2 - W1First developmentSoftware, Implementation I,  - W2First developmentFirst release, manual, approved  b) Industrial and exploitation perspectives The existence of positive and realistic perspectives for the industrial exploitation of the results and the continuing commitment of the partners to the objectives of the research project (especially the industrial partners in this respect), will also be critically assessed at the mid-term assessment. For the exploitation aspects, please refer also to the chapter Exploitation Plans in this Project Programme. Final Assessment The result of the Final Assessment, the Expert System, consists of a set of software systems, data bases and recommendations supporting the evaluations of crack risks and suggesting possible and most remedial actions if the risk of cracking are too high. At the Final Assessment the exploitation of the Expert System is organized. As in the Mid-Term Assessment, the Final Assessment is performed within Task 1 with all Task Groups active. 4. PROJECT MANAGEMENT 4.1 Management Capability of the Coordinator For the Coordinator SCANCEM, which is responsible for the project management, the project is of great importance as regards both short term benefits and long term strategies. SCANCEM employs experienced research leaders and project managers, among them Dr. Emborg, with more than 15 years experience from research and development. He also has previous experience in larger project concerning advanced concrete structures of current interest. Dr. Emborg will have the support of Mr. berg of SCANCEM, who will be technical secretary in the project. 4.2 Organisation and Management Structure In view of the extent of the project and the large number of partners involved, the need for a strong organisation and leadership is a key element. This will be met by identifying a powerful Steering Committee, efficient Task Leaders and an capable Coordinator. * The Steering Committee will consist of the Coordinator, the Task Leaders and a representative from ENEL (i. e all full partners and Task Leaders) which will guarantees a strong technical, scientific and economical leadership of the project. The Steering Committee is to be summoned - at least - every 6 months where general information on the progress of the project is shared. The correlation and co-ordination of the different tasks will be a crucial agenda on the meetings of the Steering Committee. * The Task Leaders are responsible for the research programs, the economy of the tasks as well as the detailed co-ordination of the work within each Task Group. On a monthly basis, members of a task group inform the task leader on the progress of the work, which is checked with a working plan. All members of the task group meet at least every 6 months for a comprehensive exchange of information and test results. The Task Leader then compiles a report on the current state of the task which is sent on to the Coordinator, defining e.g. the percentage of and estimated time to completion, actual means spent and, if any additional means are required to achieve the goals. * The Coordinator will summarise the overall project status and planning, including milestone reports. This also includes a regular updating of the bar-chart and of the man-power matrix. An overview of the budgetary situation of the project will be prepared every 12 months which is checked with the initial intentions. The Coordinator will further, uphold and encourage a coherent communication between the Task Groups and co-ordinate the respective research objectives. For the exploitation and dissemination of research results the Coordinator will be assisted by an Exploitation Manager. * Milestones Reviews - At the meeting for milestone reviews the technical progress of the project will be critically scrutinised by the Steering Committee. Items in the work program may be revised with regard to the rate of progress and the quality of the obtained results. At the Mid-Term Assessment a seminar will be held with the participants in the work project, where the currently obtained results will be evaluated thus serving as a base for the planning of the remaining part of the project (see section 2.2 and 3.2). The evaluation is mainly performed within Task 1 (see Section 2.2 and 4.5). The Mid-Term Assessment will be reported and scrutinised at a special review meeting between by the Steering Committee and a representative of the European Commission. * Communication Strategy - Essential for the efficiency of the project is an active participation of every individual involved in the project. Open channels of communications (meetings, minutes of meetings, reports of latest findings, etc.) must thus be established both downwards/upwards as well as sidewards in the project structure. An exchange of researchers between the partners for periods of several months, will prevent isolation and alienation and will instead foster fellowship among the participants and hence motivate and encourage stronger individual involvement. In this context, the role of the Coordinator is crucial for maintaining and nourishing the communication not only within the project, but also with parties outside the consortium (other European project consortia, other potential end-users, standardisation committees etc.). 4.3 Methods for Monitoring and Reporting Progress Internal reports about the progress of the project (technical and economical reports, bar-charts, man-power matrices etc.) will be produced in accordance with what has been previously defined as the responsibility of the task leaders and the coordinator. 4.4 Project Management Task Task 1 is intended to incorporate project management including Mobilization, Mid-Term Assessment and Finalization of the project. All man-power needed for the overall co-ordination of the project as well as for the exploitation and dissemination of the results (i.e. the Expert System) is covered by this task. 4.5 Bar-chart 4.6 Man-Power Allocation Project overview: Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Months36912151821242730333639424548Task PartnerTotal Scancem (Coordinator, 1 Task Leader) All Task Leaders Other partners 2+ 15,5 2+1 2  TU-Delft (T) 2.1 ENEL Elkem Norcem6 4 8 3 TU-Delft (T) 2.2 IBMB, TU-Br Norcem5 6 3 IBMB, TU-Br 2.3 ENEL5 4  2.4 NTH, TU-Tr 4  TU-Delft (T) 2.5 Elkem NTH, TU-Tr7 5 4  Scancem (T) TU-Delft 3.1 TU-Lule IBMB, TU-Br Norcem NTH, TU-Tr4 4 4 5 4 6 Scancem (T) TU-Delft ENEL 3.2 TU-Lule IBMB, TU-Br Norcem NTH, TU-Tr2 4 2 6 6 4 4 Scancem (T) TU-Delft 3.3 TU-Lule IBMB, TU-Br NTH, TU-Tr2 4 2 2 4 TU-Delft4 ENEL13.4 TU-Lule2 IBMB, TU-Br2 NTH, TU-Tr6 Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Months36912151821242730333639424548Task PartnerTotal Skanska (T) Scancem 4.1 TU-Lule NCC IBMB, TU-Br ISMES18,5 8 8 8 10 2 Skanska (T) TU-Delft TU-Lule 4.2 IBMB, TU-Br ISMES NTH, TU-Tr10 5 3 5 9 6 Selmer (T) ENEL 5.1 NCC IBMB, TU-Br Dir of Roads5 5 5 4 7,5 Selmer (T) ENEL 5.2 Skanska IBMB, TU-Br 5 4,5 2 4  ISMES (T) Scancem Selmer 6.1 TU-Lule Skanska IBMB, TU-Br Dir of Roads4 2 1 1 3 1 1 ISMES (T) Scancem 6.2 Skanska IBMB, TU-Br Dir of Roads NTH, TU-Tr12,2 2 1 2 1 1 ISMES (T) Scancem Selmer TU-Delft ENEL 6.3 TU-Lule NCC Skanska IBMB, TU-Br Dir of Roads Elkem Norcem NTH, TU-Tr4 2 1 2 2 3 5 2 2 2 2 1 Note: (T) indicates the Task Leader One man-month normally represents 135 productive hours Man-Power matrix: Task:123456TotalYear:123412341234123412341234Scancem4,64451,522,522,52,51,51,51212Accumulated4,68,6131800001,53,5682,556,580000134640Selmer ASA10,50,51233211Accumulated11,52300000000000025810111215TU-Delft10,50,5153554,5443,5221Accumulated11,5235813184,58,5131602450000000042ENEL0,50,50,50,53141112331,52Accumulated0,511,523488123300002589,5000224TU-Lule0,50,50,50,53443343112Accumulated0,511,5200003710143710110000111330NCC AB0,50,50,50,51,52,522233Accumulated0,511,52000000001,54682555000318Skanska AB10,50,51886,4621332Accumulated11,5230000000081622280022147942IBMB TU Braunsch.0,50,50,50,52423453344432330221Accumulated0,511,52268114912153812151588024556ISMES10,50,5132,52,535555,2Accumulated11,5230000000035,58110000510152034Dir of roads0,50,50,50,534,61111Accumulated0,511,5200000000000037,67,67,6123414Elkem A/S0,50,50,50,52,52,5442Accumulated0,511,522,55913000000000000000217Norcem A/S0,50,50,50,51,51,51,51,5442Accumulated0,511,521,534,56004800000000000218TU-Trondh.0,50,50,50,5222266441221111Accumulated0,511,522468612162013560000012339Total131010131614191620222320232823191117113,510141324Accumulated132333461630496420426584235174921128394210243761389 4.7 Durable Equipment The tables below list the most important durable equipment which is to be provided by the partners and which has to be purchased for the project. Durable equipment to be provided and purchasedOrganisationEquipmentUsed inAll partnersComputer hardwareTasks 2-6All partnersEquipment for standard material testingTasks 2-4Partners of Task 3Thermal testing machineTask 3ENELConductivity probes (TLPP)Tasks 2All partners of Task 5Temperature and stress logger Task 5TU-LuleEquipment for fracture mechanics testing and associated computer softwareTask 3, 4 Durable equipment to be provided and purchased (continued)OrganisationEquipmentUsed inAll partners of Task 5Temperature, strain and stress. gauges for field testsTask 5IBMB, TU-BrUltrasonic pulse velocity apparatus Task 2, 3NTH, TU-TrLight-weight test rig for very early-age concreteTask 3SkanskaImpact-Echo crack observation systemTask 5 5. THE PARTNERSHIP 5.1 Overview of the Consortium Organisation, Type/size, Role, CountryOrganisations (business) activityR&D Function in the Project1. Scancem IND6, P, SECement and concrete production, main supplier in SwedenCoordination. Development of material models2. Selmer IND6, C, NOConcrete constructionField testing. Evaluation of Expert System3. TU-Delft EDU7, C, NLCivil Engrg. research and education (only in NL). Material models for concrete testsMaterial tests. Numerical modelling4. ENEL IND7, C, ITOwner of structures for production and distribution of energyMaterial characterisation. Field testing5. TU-Lule EDU6, A1, SECivil Engrg. research and education. Material models, laboratory testsLaboratory testing. Analytical modelling6. NCC IND7, A1, SEConstruction in civil engineering and building sectorsStudies of behaviour of structures. Expert System7. Skanska IND7, A1, SEConcrete design and constructionAnalytical modelling. Field testing. Expert System8. IBMB, TU-Br EDU2, A3, DEResearch on materials and structures. EducationMaterial testing. Theoretical modelling of structures9. ISMES IND5, A4, ITEngrg., consultancy and research services. Development of test equipment and softwareDevelopment of software10. Dir of Roads IND4, A2, NOConcrete construction. Owner of large projectsField testing11. Elkem IND7, A2, NOProduction of ferro-alloy, silicon metal, electrical energy and Elkem MicrosilicaMaterial optimisation and characterisation12. Norcem IND5, A2, NOCement production, main supplier in NorwayMaterial characterisation. Num. simul. of struct. behaviour. Evaluation. Expert System13. NTH, TU-Tr EDU6, A2, NOCivil Engrg. research and education. Material models. Laboratory testsDescription of material behaviour. Analytical modelling5.2 Profile of the Individual Partners 1. Scancem former Euroc (Sweden): Scancem is a new (1996) Scandinavian building material concern. Scancem has been established by a fusion of the Swedish - Finnish enterprise Euroc and the Norwegian enterprise Aker. By the time of the project proposal the fusion of Euroc and Aker was not established. This does not change the economical and technical prerequisites of the consortium. In this project Scancem is represented by its two Swedish affiliated companies; Betongindustri AB and Cementa AB. Scancem is a major material supplier. In order to retain and increase the market share of Scancem, it is essential to support the development of concrete and cement materials. Scancem therefore places great importance to on the development of crack-free concretes for harsh environments [Em 94], [Ge 94], [Pa 82]. By participation in extended tests, numerical simulations of structural behaviour and of material characterisation these endeavours are furthered. 2. Selmer (Norway): Selmer is a major Norwegian construction company which operates in the field of heavy construction, marine works and off-shore construction etc., primarily in Norway, but also around the world. By being active in field measurements, material characterisation, and development of the Expert System, a long experience of advanced concrete structures can be utilised within the project [He 90], [Li93]. Facilities and equipment allocated for this research programme are concrete laboratory and computer facilities. The results from the project will be very important for promoting the future competitiveness of Selmer. 3. TU-Delft (the Netherlands): Delft University of Technology (Department of Concrete Structures) has in the last decade focused their research on fracture mechanics, high strength concrete, corrosion, early-age concrete, numerical modelling and design of concrete members [El 89], [Ge 94]. Experimental research is carried out in the Stevin laboratory which has an advanced research device for studying early-age concrete behaviour (thermal stresses, adiabatic heat evolution and the degree of hydration) at its disposal. Fundamental material research can be supported by e.g. the program HYMOSTRUC. 4. ENEL (Italy): ENEL (with its Hydraulic and Structural Research Centre, CRIS) develops computational methods and experimental technology which can be applied in dams, cooling towers, stacks etc. [GE 94], [Mo 94]. The development of numerical models, the practical recommendations and specifications for e.g. power plants - all included in an Expert System - will be of primary importance to ENEL. ENEL will contribute in the project with the casting and curing techniques for advanced concrete, as well as with the new testing methods to evaluate the thermal and mechanical behaviour of concrete. 5. TU-Lule (Sweden): At Lule University of Technology research is focused on cold climate technology dealing with e.g. modelling of temperature gradients in concrete and ice. There are excellent laboratories with modern servo-hydraulic loading machines. The group that will be engaged in this project are among the international leaders in young concrete and fracture mechanics modelling [El 89], [Li 93], [Mu 94]. 6. NCC (Sweden): NCC operates as a contractor in both the civil engineering and in the building sector around the world [Ap 90], [Li 93]. The results from the project will constitute an important base for future development in the civil engineering sector where increasingly stronger demands on crack free concrete are set up. 7. Skanska (Sweden): For Skanska (a leading EU production group, working in more than 80 countries) the results of this project will help to optimise the construction of heavy civil engineering projects such as bridges, dams, tunnels etc., with regard to time, quality, cost and profitability [Em 94], [Ge 94]. Hence the project will contribute to promoting Skanskas competitiveness in their world wide activities. 8. IBMB - TU-Braunschweig (Germany): At IBMB, applied research projects are since 20 years strongly oriented towards practical concrete research [Ge 94], [Mu 94]. The laboratories of IBMB are well equipped with various testing machines, measuring devices (e.g. laser-speckle interferometer) data acquisition systems and computers. 9. ISMES (Italy): According to EACRO (European Association of Contract Research Organisations), ISMES can act as an industrial partner if it participates in activities directed towards industrial achievement. By the development of the Expert System, ISMES will gain a substantial additional knowledge of young concrete which will be fully consistent with the corporate strategy of the organisation [Is 93], [Pe 94]. 10. Directory of Roads (Norway): The Directory of Roads is responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of roads, bridges and tunnels in Norway [Li 93]. The organisation executes maintenance and construction work on the public road network in competition with private contractors and has the role of an industrial partner within the Brite-EuRam III program. Participation in this project by field testing and material science will strongly increase the optimisation of production and specification of codes. 11. Elkem (Norway): The Elkem Group is responsible for sales of Elkem Microsilica. Within this project Elkem supports the material optimisation for the achievement of advanced crack-free concrete [Fi 94], [Li 94], which will assist in consolidating Elkems position as the largest supplier of Microsilica in the world. 12. Norcem (Norway): Norcem has a substantial export of cement to EU, US and African countries and has developed high strength cements for application in advanced structures such as offshore platforms and bridges etc. [Li 93]. The results from this project provide information to continue designing cements with low crack sensibility. 13. NTH - TU-Trondheim (Norway): The main R&D activities of NTH are focused on general concrete technology with emphasis on materials development of high strength concrete and durability [Li 93]. Of particular relevance to the project is NTHs experience in material testing and modelling and a recently made test rig for self-induced stresses. 5.3 Complementary, Transnationality and Multi-disciplinarity of the Consortium The short presentations above of the partners involved in the project clearly evince the competence and the multi-disciplinary nature of the consortium. As the intention has been to merge the state-of-the-art know-how of Europe in this field, the geographical centre of gravity of the project is somewhat northerly because the origin of the members of the project. In Sweden, NCC, Skanska and Scancem have often co-operated and successfully used applied basic techniques for crack control in many building projects. The technique has been developed in Skanska and at TU-Lule, and has been calibrated for various types of concrete, for structural elements with different degrees of restraint and for different environmental conditions, in particular winter concreting. In Norway, the extensive use of High Performance Concrete in various structures in harsh off-shore environments, has made Norway one of the leading nations on research and development on this particular material [Li 93]. There has been a wide co-operation among the separate national partners in research as well as in the building process. Norcem and Elkem have been material suppliers for Selmer and the Directory of Roads in the optimisation of materials and production techniques. NTH has collaborated by performing comprehensive research. In Italy, ENEL is, in terms of ownership of large and medium size civil engineering structures, an important representative of end-users of the technology. The main incentive for the participation of ENEL is apart from the reduction of maintenance and repair costs, also the techniques for optimisation of the building process and for code specifications. ISMES, has had long co-operation with ENEL in various projects. For a long time, there has been an important collaboration between all the participating Universities of Technology in research on types of HPC, cracking and fracture mechanics. These universities represent many of the most active research centres on early age cracking. reference can for instance be made to various RILEM conferences in the field of research [Pa82], [Ge 94], [Mu 94]. There are no reasons why the partnership should not continue after finalization of the project. In fact there are great prospects for the consortium to become the main researching, developing and recommending centre of Europe in this field constituting another incentive that justifies the transnational co-operation. For this reason the development of guidelines for good practice and data bases may be continued by the partners in a foreseeable future. 6. FINANCIAL INFORMATION 7. EUROPEAN DIMENSION AND RELATED BENEFITS 7.1 Subsidiarity Substantial pilot research and progress on various aspects of the issues in question have been made on an analytical level, most of which was presented at the earlier mentioned RILEM International Symposium on the Avoidance of Thermal Cracking in Concrete at Early Ages. However, at this symposium it became evident that even a minimum of sufficient research would be far too great a task to be adequately dealt within each country. This is due to the fact that very sophisticated machines and large numbers of tests are needed in such a research. By merging the unique experiences of the leading material producers, building contractors, design consultants, owners and universities, there are great prospects for the output of the project and for future European co-operation. Also as different countries have specialised on different aspects of the issue in their research, it is expected that better and speedier progress could be made by international co-operation. 7.2 Strategic Importance Europe is now in the forefront of the development in this field. However, for instance the Japanese building industry, which is renowned for its long range innovation policies, is also heavily engaged in these issues. In fact, the impressive work and progress so far demonstrated by Japanese in the field of early age crack prevention underlines the pressing nature of the current project [Ja 92]. Japanese and European building industries compete on the world market. Hence, the objectives of the project are truly in the focus of European R&D in order to maintain the prominent position of Europe and to increase the future competitivenes. 7.3 European Social and Economic Cohesion The proposed project will require and effectively promote international co-operation between organisations and individuals within the European Community. The resulting expert system will set the standards for and be accessible also to interested companies and organisations not actively participating in the project. Apart from the possibility to apply the computer based Expert System, the results of the project will be presented in the form of design charts, graphs etc. These tools can be of great help in less technically advanced regions where computer hard- and software are not available on a large scale. 7.4 Codes of Practice and Standards In current codes of practice, quality control vis--vis early age cracking is, if at all, dealt with in terms of control of concrete temperatures during hardening. This has been found, in practice as well as in theoretical and experimental research, to be inadequate. More rational criteria shall be defined in terms of strain or stress levels and it shall be indicated how to determine these stresses. The project will therefore actively harmonise differing technical practices within EC in respect to early age crack prevention based on stress predictions. The project will form a basis for a recognised State-of-the-Art on which new European Codes and generally accepted practices can be based or developed. (Rudimentary tentative codes of this kind have for instance recently been prepared by the Swedish Board for Road Administration). 8. ECONOMIC, INDUSTRIAL, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 8.1 Economic and Industrial Opportunities Crack prevention in concrete structures is a design objective because of: ( Design functional requirements such as tightness in respect to fluids and gases ( Static necessity in plain un-reinforced concrete ( Improvement of durability, quality and appearance The beneficial effects of the improved technology, with regard to crack prevention in the construction stage, related to hydration temperatures and shrinkage will have a bearing on practically all qualified concrete construction but will in particular have a favourable impact on advanced civil engineering projects such as dams, marine structures, reactor enclosures, bridges, tunnels, building foundations etc. The output of this research project will thus not only affect the activities of the building industry in Europe itself but also the exports of this industry in terms of contracts for buildings and infrastructure projects to be won abroad. * Optimisation of the Building Process - In the building industry reliable information on the actual state of hardening of the concrete is crucial for the construction process. Numerical models - by which the hardening process can be simulated taking into account all relevant factors - can provide the engineer with data on the basis of which decisions in the pre-design, design and construction phases should be made. Thus, by using simulation models in the design stage of a project, optimisation of the building process with regard to crack control can be achieved. Application on site, using the actual boundary conditions (ambient temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, etc.), provides the site engineer with a more reliable tool to control the hardening process and to check whether the design objectives are fulfilled or not. * An intricate dilemma - A major problem, at present, in the design of advanced concrete structures is the lack or scarcity of the general background knowledge about the transient early age mechanical properties of various types of currently used concretes. The dilemma here is that in pre-design - i.e. exactly when the possibility of influencing quality and cost is optimum - the knowledge of the parameters of the concrete to be used is the least. An illustration of this circumstance is given in Fig. 8.1 in annex I, where the shaded areas ABC and ADE depict the uncertainties involved in the two cases. A major beneficial aspect of the research project is therefore the establishment of reliable data bases of early age material properties for a number of currently used types of concrete. This data will then serve as input in the pre-design phases when material parameters of the specific concretes to be used are not yet available. * Reduction of Maintenance and Repair Costs - The maintenance and repair costs for bridges in Northern and Southern Europe amount to some 540 MECU/year. Assuming these costs to be equal to about 20% of the maintenance and repair costs for all concrete structures, the total maintenance costs would be = 2 700 MECU/year. A reduction of these costs by e.g. ten percent, to be achieved by improvement of the production process, would then already result in savings of more than 270 MECU/year. The amounts saved by prolongation of the average life time of concrete structures will be substantially higher. In the USA, for example, repair and maintenance costs of concrete bridges make out 2 3% of the renewal value. * Potential cost savings in relation to present tendencies in practice - However, for the purpose of enhancing concrete quality, future proprietors of major infrastructures tend to impose more and more rigorous specifications on allowable hydration temperature differences. In view of the poor accuracy and unsubstantiated nature of such temperature criteria this tendency is very unsatisfactory as the fulfilment of over-conservative temperature criteria entail extra costly measures on the working sites. E.g. for the future resund Link (length >17 km) it is estimated that the total cost of early age temperature control measures is in the order of 10 MECU - i.e. an expenditure meriting a more reliable scientific basis for decision-making. It has also been estimated that 5 to 6 MECU of the 10 MECU could be saved if the more stringent stress/strain crack criteria, resulting from this research project, were to be applied all through the building process. For all Europe this could add up to 100 MECU/year. Compare figure 8.1 in annex I. 8.2 Safety, Social and Environmental Impact * Education - Software for the simulation of the hardening process and of the interaction between the building and the hardening concrete, can be used for education of structural engineers and concrete technologists. The familiarity with simulation programs will stimulate the application in the practice and will, in the long term, improve the quality of the building process and of concrete structures. * Fair Competition - In cases when specification of building projects are formulated in terms of allowable stresses or strains during hardening, fair competition requires that designers and contractors perform their calculations on the same basis. This implies that the software used for the stress calculations must meet the same scientific standards. It will assist the client in establishing equal standards with regard to the approval of design and quality control on the construction site. Defining this standard will therefore contribute to fair competition and, as a consequence of this, a guarantee of equal (or comparable) quality. * Environmental Benefits - Reduction of temperature and shrinkage-induced stresses during hardening and the due decrease of the extent of early-age micro- and macrocracking, implies higher quality and extension of the life cycle of structures - thus minimising the environmental impact of building activity. In storage structures for environmental protection, for example bulk storage of energy carriers and hazardous wastes, stringent tightness criteria have to be met. The prevention of macrocracks in such protective structures constitute a crucial feature reducing the risk of environmental damage due to leakage of hazardous substances. 9. EXPLOITATION PLANS 9.1 Exploitation Policy 9.1.1 Exploitation of the Results for the EU-Competitiveness The main deliverable of the project is an Expert System for the prediction, evaluation and judgement of the concrete behaviour, especially at early ages. The Expert System consists of expert modules (A-C) to which data bases of current knowledge and experiences are associated, see Fig. 9.1. The expert modules are units of clearly defined mathematical relations, flow charts for analysis and computer code sequences available for separate incorporation into any existing computer program. By connection to a comprehensive database of laboratory test data, material characteristics, field observation and general experience, a reliable basis is created for the use of each expert module. The interaction between the expert modules is studied and tested by means of a program package in which the risk of cracking may be computed. The program package is intended to be used as a tool for sensitivity analysis, computations of structural behaviour and for formulating recommendations for some typical cases of concrete production. Both basic knowledge of the behaviour of the hardening concrete material and the structural behaviour of the concrete member in this structural context are to be taken into account in IPACS. The Expert System is designed to have the potential of offering an assessment of the relative benefits - or hazards - of different measures designed to control cracking in young concrete. For the material suppliers within the project (Scancem, Norcem, Elkem), the results will strongly support and promote the development of advanced concrete materials. Thus, the Expert System will further be refined by an enlargement of the data base for future concrete compositions and will constitute a strong technical support in contacts with customers. For the contractors and the consultant within the project (Skanska, NCC, Selmer, Dir. of Roads, ISMES), the Expert System is an important base for technical and economical optimisation of the building process and will be directly used in planning and realisation of production but also in tender phase stages and in education. The R&D departments of the companies will use the Expert System in the refinement and tuning of experimental techniques and practical prediction tools. By the owners within the project (ENEL, Dir. of Roads), the system is to be used for the formulation of codes and specifications for the erection of advanced concrete structures. Here, demands can be raised on choice of material composition and production methods in order to avoid or mitigate cracking. The owners can also utilise the Expert System in repair and maintenance work. For the universities within the project (TU-Delft, TU-Lule, IBMB, NTH) the Expert System will provide a high level of information and knowledge for teaching and research. Further, the system will generate possibilities and prospects of participation in other research projects where knowledge of advanced concrete materials and structure is needed. Many companies and universities outside the partnership are expected to benefit from the Expert System. The exploitation of the system as regards these external material suppliers, consultants, contractors, research organisations etc. will primarily be administered by the Exploitation Manager who is nominated by the Commercial Manager of Scancem. The Exploitation Manager will report to the Steering Committee. Compare Figure 9.1 in annex I. The main risk which may jeopardise exploitation of the Expert System is similar competing technologies outside EU from e.g. Japan [Ja 92]. Also the conservatism of the building industry may postpone the acceptance of the System by some users. However, it must be emphasized that the Expert System is not intended for competition with the present available commercial computer program in EU for crack predictions. Instead, the Expert System will serve as a base for further development or incorporation of its modules into these programs. Assessment of risks which may hinder exploitation - A prerequisite for introduction of new technologies in the design-world and in the building industry is the robustness of the technology. This hold particularly for the application of new technologies on the building site. By showing, in this project, in a number of field tests that the proposed and elaborated technologies meet the requirements of robustness and workability, and, moreover, by quantifying the short- and long-term benefits obtained by using these technologies, the conservatism of the industry to apply new procedures will be overcome. 9.1.2 Patenting and licensing policy Details of the Expert System will be restricted to the partners of the project for a period up to three years. Within this period the System will be thoroughly calibrated, checked and, if needed, refined. Hence, opportunities for a continuation of the partnership after the fulfilment of the project are created. This means that software, input data etc. of the Expert System will be kept secret for some time. At the exploitation of the Expert System, the intention of the consortium is to protect the software codes etc. by copyright. 9.1.3 Existing or anticipated business agreements which may hinder exploitation No such limitations exists. 9.1.4 Agreements on the exploitation of results ISMES will as coordinator of Task 6 take care of agreements of the exploitation of the results. 9.2 Dissemination Policy Material models and data acquired in Tasks 2 and 3 will be disseminated through reports and papers in journals and at conferences as they become available. The usefulness of the Expert System and of structural models and programs developed in Tasks 4 and 6 will be made known in the same way. Seminars will also be arranged for interested companies and groups of possible users. The actual programs and codes will be protected by copyright and the base material kept secret up to a period of two or three years, compare 9.1.2, in order to provide time for further checking and proofing of their correctness. The exploitation manager will be responsible for these Tasks. 10. LIST OF REFERENCES AND RELATED PROJECTS 10.1 Similar Applications No similar or related proposals have been submitted by the consortium. If such proposals will be submitted in the future, the consortium will inform the Commission about this. 10.2 Related Projects One related Brite EuRam project is No. 5480 "Economic Design and Construction with High Strength Concrete (HSC)". As sub-task in the project the cracking tendency of "very young concrete" (i.e. within the first few hours) and creep development of early age concrete (from 18 hours) have been investigated. The investigations were limited, but it was concluded that HSCs are very sensitive to "very early" cracking and that the choice of materials and their proportions is of the utmost importance. Apart from the mentioned project the proposers are not aware of any other European work that has focused on avoiding immediate damage in the construction stage. 10.3 Relevant Patents No patents are referred to. 10.4 Other References [1] IEEE EXPERT, Special track AI in Civil and Structural Engineering June and August 1996 [2] Proceedings of the IABSE Colloquia on Knowledge Based Systems in Civil Engineering, Bergamo, 1989, Beijing, 1993, Bergamo, 1995 [3] TC-93 Experts systems for building materials and structures, Materials and Structures, 1995,28,160-174 [4] Proceeding of the first, 2nd and 3nd Workshop of European Group for Structural Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence (EG-SEA-AI), Lausanne, 1994, Bergamo, 1995, Glasgow, 1996 [5] de SITTER W.R. and RAMLER J.P.G. (1991) The concrete hardening control system:CHCS. In Testing during Concrete Construction. Proc. RILEM Workshop. Chapman and Hall Publ. [Ap90] Emborg, Mats and Apleberg, Lennart: Massive Concrete Structures in Warm Climate. Crack Risk Evaluation in Newly Casted Wall Sections (In Swedish). NCC and Lule University of Technology, Research Report TU-LULEA 1990:26, Lule 1990, 54 pp. ISSN 0347-0881. [El89] Elfgren, Lennart (Editor): Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures. From theory to applications. Chapman and Hall, London 1989, 408 pp. ISBN 0-412-30680-8. [Em94] Emborg, Mats and Bernander, Stig: Assessment of Risk of Thermal Cracking in Hardening Concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering (New York), Vol. 120, No. 10, October 1994, pp. 2883-2912. [Fi94] P. Fidjestl and J. Frearson: High-Performance Concrete Using Blended and Triple Blended Binders. High-Performance Concrete (Ed. by M. Malhotra). Proceedings ACI International Conference, Singapore 1994. American Concrete Institute SP-149, Detroit 1994, pp. 135-157. [Ge94] General Reports of the International Symposium [Mu94]: P. Morabito: Heat of Hydration; K. van Breugel: Prediction of Temperature Development; F.S. Rostsy: Determination and Modelling of Mechanical Properties; M. Emborg: Computational Assessment of Stresses and Cracking; S. Bernander: Practical Measures for Avoidance of Cracking, Munich 1994, 180 pp. [He90] High Strength Concrete. State of the Art Report (Ed. S. Helland et al), FIP Sr 90/1, CEB Bulletin dInformation no. 107. Fderation Internationale de la Prcontrainte, 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London SW1X8BH, August 1990, 61 pp. [In92] Ingvarsson, Hans: Bridge Maintenance Needs and Costs in Sweden. Structural Engineering International (Zrich), Vol. 2, No. 3/92, pp. 202-205. [Is93] Research activities about the safety of relevant structures. Feasibility studies of pressured prestressed concrete structures. Special problems related mass concrete pours: heat of hydration, shrinkage and creep. Document RAT-DMM-829/93. [Ja92] A Proposal of a Method of Calculations Crackwith Due to Thermal Stress. Committee on Thermal Stress of Massive Concrete Structures. Japan Concrete Institute, Room 708 Shuwa-Kioicho TBR Bldg, No. 7, Kojimachi 5-Chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, September 1992, 106 pp. [Li93] Utilization of High Strength Concrete. Proceedings of a Symposium in Lillehammer, Norway, June 20-23, 1993 (Ed. by I. Holland and E. Sellevold), Norwegian Concrete Association, Oslo 1993, 1295 pp. ISBN 82-91341-00-1. [Mo93] Morabito, P. and Barberis, F.: Measurement of adiabatic temperature rise in concrete. Concrete 2000. Proceedings of an International Conference in Dundee 1993, pp. 749-759. [Mu94] Thermal Cracking in Concrete at Early Ages. Proceedings of the International RILEM Symposium held in Munich, October 10-12, 1994 (Ed. by R. Springenschmid), E & FN Spon, London 1994, 472 pp. ISBN 0-419-18710-3. [Pa82] International Conference on Concrete at Early Ages. Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chausses, Paris, April 6-8, 1982. Editions Anciens Elves de lE.N.P.C., Paris 1982, 279 pp. ISBN 2-85998-036-X. [Pe94] Pellegrini, R., Imperato, L., Torda, M., Ferrara, G., Mazza, G., Morabito, P.: Physical and Mathematical Models for the Study of Crack Activation in Concrete Dams. Dam Fracture and Damage. International Workshop, Chambarry, France, March 1994. Annex I. Figures Figure 8.1 Potential cost savings/quality increase Figure 9.1 General feature and the structure of the Expert System of IPACS Project Programme of Brite/EuRam project BE 96 - 3843 27 January 1997 Page \SIDA \* arab18  .A00&P00&P00&G srP00&P00&nP0 0&NP0 0&.P0 0& P0 0&!P0 0&lP00&hP00&, P00&o!P00&OP00&hP00& P00&P00&P00&HGP00&c! P00&cP00&0  P00& ! P00&/" ! P00& YXP00&0! P00&P0 0&]P00&]P00&x w P00&yP00&H yP00&P0$0&UP0"0&U! P0!0& q! P0#0&0q! P0&0&0zy x P0%0&z! 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